Hydrothermal Vents | Oases in the Deep Sea

In the deep ocean, life is concentrated at chemosynthetic oases where primary production is made possible via chemosynthesis at cold seeps and deep sea hydrothermal vents. The non-chemosynthetic regions of the deep are divided into two very different worlds. First is the midwater, where pelagic wanderers tread migratory routes that span entire oceans, and planktonic drifters and their predators take part in bioluminescent light shows. It is separated into zones based on depth, including the sunlight zone (epipelagic), twilight zone (mesopelagic), midnight zone (bathypelagic), abyssal and hadal zones. And below, lies the deep sea floor. A kingdom of mud and ooze, where sessile creatures cling to any solid outcrop and corals craft kingdoms on the seamount crusts. The worlds of the deep sea could not be more different, and yet their stories are fundamentally intertwined. In this episode, we delve into the Twilight Zone. Episodes: 1 - The Twilight Zone 2 - The Midnight Zone - coming soon 3 - The Abyssal Plain - coming soon 4 - Seamounts and Canyons - coming soon 5 - Hydrothermal Vents - coming

Molluscs like cephalopods and gastropods dominate the marine world. Inhabiting nearly every ecosystem from shallow reefs to deep sea vents and the pelagic midwater, the success of molluscs is unparalleled. Nearly 25% of all marine organisms are molluscs, including such oddities as sea snails, nudibranchs, and coleoids like squid with their specialised tentacles. Even the snails you might find in your garden belong to the molluscs, for this is the only phylum with species found in the sea, freshwater and on land. A testament to their adaptability. With an estimated 85,000 living species known to science, the abundance and diversity of molluscs is what allows them to occupy a great many niches and habitats, and diversify into an assortment of shapes and sizes. The smallest meiofauna molluscs grow to just 0.4 mm long, while in the pelagic deep they dominate as voracious predators, looming out of the dark. This is the alien world of molluscs. I do not own any of the footage. I write the script, narrate, and edit what footage I can find. Footage used belongs to the

The degradation of food-falls at the bottom of the ocean can create partially chemosynthetic environments. In the case of sunken whale carcasses (whale falls), the supply of organic material supports an ecological succession of communities. But perhaps less well-documented than the scavengers at whale-falls are the creatures that rely on wood instead. When trees become uprooted by storms or ships capsize at sea, losing their buoyancy as the pressure of the ocean forces out any air trapped within, bits of wood sink to the ocean floor where they create fleeting oases of life (wood falls), including shipwrecks, like that of the Titanic. The scarcity of food in parts of the deep ocean creates an environment where very little goes to waste. The animal and microbial life that dwells down here has become resourceful, able to make the most of even unexpected resources. So it comes as no surprise that the deep ocean hosts complex biological communities adapted to thrive on this sunken wood. Written, Narrated and Edited by Leo Richards I do not own any of the footage. I write

Cartilaginous fish and jawless fish are quite different to bony fish. These two groups, also known as Chondrichthyes and Agnatha respectively, build their skeletons using cartilage. A tough but flexible tissue, lighter than bone, that allows them to maintain neutral buoyancy without any need for a swim bladder. In this video we'll take a look at the differences between jawless fish and cartilaginous fish, and discuss their adaptations and behaviours within the deep sea ecosystem. I do not own any of the footage. I write the script, narrate, and edit what footage I can find. Footage used belongs to the incredible marine conservation societies of MBARI, WHOI and the Ocean Exploration Institute, along with various other the original video platform sources. Music Used: Alone We Have No Future by Ludvig Forssell The Face of Our New Hope by Ludvig Forssell An Endless Beach by Ludvig Forssell Fragile by Ludvig Forssell A Final Waltz by Ludvig Forssell Bibliography

The Western Hoolock Gibbon is the only species of ape that is native to Bangladesh and due to forest destruction, both their habitat and population is shrinking at a rapid rate. With the remaining species at risk, this documentary looks at public awareness of the problem to help conserve and protect.

The modern land army's basic combat formation is the division. Ranging from 10,000-20,000, they include infantry, armour, artillery and other supporting arms. With nearly 500 armoured vehicles alongside others, army's like that of the USA are able to take key targets quickly and effectively. War Stories is your one stop shop for all things military history. From Waterloo to Verdun, we'll be bringing you only the best documentaries and stories from history's most engaging and dramatic conflicts. You can find more from us on