Exploring Jawless and Cartilaginous Fish

The process of chemosynthesis is similar to photosynthesis. Both can be defined as the creation of organic matter from the fixation of inorganic carbon using energy. But what differs is the source of that energy. In parts of the deep sea, primary production is fuelled by chemical energy, rather than energy from the sun. But this can only take place at certain sea-floor environments where the required chemicals are released into the water. The two main examples of such environments are hydrothermal vents, and cold seeps. The former were only discovered in 1977 when scientists were exploring an oceanic spreading ridge near the Galapagos Islands. What they discovered was a hidden world that revolutionised our understanding of how and where life on Earth can exist. Since then, hundreds more vent field have been discovered, often at depths of 2km or more, along Earth’s convergent plate boundaries and at sea-floor spreading regions where the oceanic crust is moving apart. Written, Narrated and Edited by Leo Richards Vent Animation custom made by Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek I do not own any

The Wonderfully Weird Naked Mole Rat. Naked Mole Rats, also known as sand puppies, are small rodents growing no bigger than 4 inches long. Perfectly adapted to its environment, the naked mole rat has been mocked for years due to its unusual appearance. Did you know that they behave like insects? Burrowing in a nest with a Queen at the helm of the colony? Or that they have tiny ears and eyes so that they can avoid getting sand in them? Much of this was unknown until a biologist called Rosie Koch decided to dedicate her PHD in studying these incredible animals. Content licensed by ZDF Enterprises to Little Dot Studios.

The degradation of food-falls at the bottom of the ocean can create partially chemosynthetic environments. In the case of sunken whale carcasses (whale falls), the supply of organic material supports an ecological succession of communities. But perhaps less well-documented than the scavengers at whale-falls are the creatures that rely on wood instead. When trees become uprooted by storms or ships capsize at sea, losing their buoyancy as the pressure of the ocean forces out any air trapped within, bits of wood sink to the ocean floor where they create fleeting oases of life (wood falls), including shipwrecks, like that of the Titanic. The scarcity of food in parts of the deep ocean creates an environment where very little goes to waste. The animal and microbial life that dwells down here has become resourceful, able to make the most of even unexpected resources. So it comes as no surprise that the deep ocean hosts complex biological communities adapted to thrive on this sunken wood. Written, Narrated and Edited by Leo Richards I do not own any of the footage. I write

Over the years a metal detectorist has found more than 300 metal artifacts from the Roman, Iron-Age and Anglo-Saxon periods on a site that covers several fields between two villages. The Team tries to find out what the site was used for. Odyssey is your journey into the world of Ancient History; from the dawn of Mesopotamia to the fall of Rome. We'll be bringing you only the best documentaries that journey into the mysteries and ruins of worlds long lost. Subsribe so you don't miss out!

In July of 1920, all eyes were on the Tennessee capital as Anti and Pro-suffragists each fought for their vision of a socially evolving the United States. One more state was needed to ratify the proposed amendment, and that duty rested solely on the shoulders of Tennessee. It passed by one swing vote, cast by a 24-year-old legislator, Harry Burn, whose mother had urged him to "Do the right thing".

Deep Sea Aggregations Explained. In the deep sea, going alone is rarely an option. The harsh environments of the deep ocean are an imposing challenge for a lone organism to face, as the dark conceals many dangers, while dazzling bioluminescence deceives unwitting prey. For this reason, deep sea animals tend not to spread out. Instead, wherever possible, they come together in their masses to create abundant patches of life in the lonely depths. Hotspots of biodiversity, in stark contrast with the otherwise barren stretch of darkness. Safety in numbers is a fool-proof survival strategy that increases their chances of finding food, evading predation, or having reproductive success in the endless blue. From vibrant coral gardens and deep sea scavenger communities, to expansive jellyfish blooms that cloud the ocean surface, these are the animal aggregations of the oceans. I do not own any of the footage. I write the script, narrate, and edit what footage I can find, which is allowed due to the original video platform's 'Fair Use' policy as these films are for educational purposes. Footage used belongs to